630 Shahrbaraz becomes Persian Emperor (killed, June 9. 630)

1084 Robert the Weasel liberates Rome - and Pope Gregory VII - from Emperor Henry IV, amid the great slaughter

1507 Genovese uprising against French occupation

1509 Pope Julius II excommunicates "The Most Serene Republic" of Venice

1528 Battle of Cape d'Orso: Franco-Genovese fleet crushes the Spanish

1773 British Parliament passes the Tea Act, leading to the Boston Tea Party

1778 John Paul Jones begins a two-day raid on Whitehaven, U.K.

1799 Battle of Cassano: Russo-Austrians defeat the French

1813 American troops under Brig. Gen. Zebulon Pike capture Toronto

1849 Battle of Marghera: Austrians defeat Italian Nationalists in the Veneto

1857 Jews are prohibited from establishing congregations in Lower Austria

1861 The 7th NY Militia enters federal service at Washington.

1861 Col. Thomas J Jackson, CSA, assumes command at Harper's Ferry

1863 Streight's Raid: Tuscumbia to Cedar Bluff, AL

1865 Steamer 'Sultana' explodes in the Mississippi, c. 1,500 die, mostly Union soldiers recently released from Confederate P/W camps

1874 Racist "White League" formed in Grant Parish, Louisiana

1881 Pogroms against Russian Jews start in Elisabethgrad

1890 Battle of Barca: Italians defeat the Sudanese Mahdists

1897 Dedication of Grant's Tomb

1898 Matanzas, Cuba: US ships & Spanish batteries exchange fire

1909 Ouster of Ottoman Sultan & Caliph Abdul Hamid II of Turkey (1876-1909), in favor of Mehmed V (1909-1918)

1915 French Armoured Cruiser 'Leon Gambetta' sunk in the Adriatic by the Austro-Hungarian submarine 'U-5', commanded by Korvettenkapitän Georg Ludwig Ritter von Trapp

1930 The Italian Navy launches five new warships: heavy cruisers 'Fiume' & 'Zara,' light cruisers 'Albert di Giussano' & 'Giovanni delle Bande Nere,' and submarine, 'Delfino.'

1940 Himmler orders establishment of the Auschwitz Concentration Camp

1941 German troops occupy Athens

1942 Nazis order Belgian Jews to wear yellow stars

1942 Stilwell proposes the formation of a Chinese army in India.

1943 Soviet Union breaks relations with Polish government-in-exile in London

1945 Allied warships begin 4-day bombardment of Tarakan Island, Borneo

1945 Italian partisans capture Mussolini and Clara Petacci, near Lake Como

1945 US Fifth Army liberates Genoa

1948 The Arab Legion attacks the Gesher Bridge on the Jordan River