537 Battle of Dover: King Arthur defeats Mordred
946 Election of Pope Agapetus II (946-955)
1267 Jews of Vienna ordered to wear distinctive clothing
1278 Jews in England imprisoned on false charges of counterfeiting
1307 Battle of Loudon Hill: Robert the Bruce defeats the Earl of Pembroke
1318 Battle of Dyset o'Dea: The Irish defeat the English & their minions
1427 Jews are expelled from Bern, Switzerland
1499 Cesare Borgia marries Charlotte d'Albret, sister to the King of Navarre, cousin to the King of France
1655 England captures Jamaica from Spain, gaining its first colony
1676 Bacon's Rebellion begins in Virginia
1748 John Newton, slaver, sees the light, becomes an abolitionist, clergyman, and hymn writer ("Amazing Grace")
1774 Louis XVI ascends the throne of France; deposed in 1791 by the Revolutionaries, executed 1793.
1775 The 2nd Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia, to fight the American Revolution
1775 Benedict Arnold, Ethan Allan, & the Green Mountain Boys capture Ticonderoga
1796 Battle of Lodi: Bonaparte defeats the Austrians
1811 Almeida, Spain: the besieged French abandon the fortress to Wellington
1849 Riot in Astor Place, NYC, between the partisans of an 'American" actor and those of a "British" one, c. 25 die
1857 Sepoy uprising at Meerut initiates the Indian Mutiny
1861 Riot in St. Louis between Secessionists and Loyalists, c. 30 die
1862 Battle of Plum Run Bend, TN
1862 Confederates torch & evacuate the Norfolk and Pensacola Navy Yards
1865 Irwinsville, Ga.: Jefferson Davis captured by Union troops
1871 Peace of Frankfurt-am-Main: France cedes Alsace-Lorraine to Germany
1880 War of the Pacific: Chilean fleet bombards Callao, Peru
1898 Havana: US ships & Spanish batteries exchange fire
1917 British begin convoying merchant ships against u-boats
1918 Royal Navy commando raid on Ostend: HMS 'Vindictive' is sunk to block the Harbor
1919 Race riot in Charleston, 2 blacks killed
1924 J Edgar Hoover appointed head of FBI (1924-1972)
1933 Chaco War: Paraguay declares war on Bolivia (1932-1935)
1933 Nazis stage book burnings throughout Germany
1936 Spanish Leftists depose Pres Alcala-Zamora, to install Manuel Azaña, making civil war certain
1940 British form the Home Guard
1940 Germany invades France, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg
1940 Kurt Student becomes the first general to a make combat parachute jump, over Rotterdam
1940 Luftwaffe bombs Freiburg, Germany, by mistake; Goebbels blames the RAF
1940 Winston S. Churchill becomes Prime Minister of the UK (1940-1945, and again later 1951-1955)
1941 Rudolf Hess, Adolf Hitler's deputy, parachutes into Scotland
1941 The House of Commons is severely damaged by Luftwaffe fire bombs
1945 Mindanao: Filipino guerrillas support Eighth Army landings
1948 Egyptian irregulars attack Kfar Darom, Israel
1956 France sends 50,000 reservists to Algeria
1960 USS 'Triton' (SSN-586) completes first submerged circumnavigation
1968 Vietnam War: Paris peace talks begin, as does the Battle of Hamburger Hill
1972 Vietnam War: USN aviators Randy "Duke" Cunningham & Willie Driscoll score their 3rd, 4th, & 5th MiGs, are then shot down by an SA2, but rescued
2021